RESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis [MS] is a chronic disease of the central nervous system and one of the most common causes of neurological disability among those aged 20-40 years, particularly in women. Major histocompatibility complex [MHC] Class II genes are known to be involved in the development of MS. One of the important groups of this complex is the HSP gene family, especially HSP70, which is induced under stress conditions. The aim of the present case-control study was to determine the association between the heat shock protein 70 [HSP70] and risk of MS in Iranian patients by genotyping the rs1061581 gene polymorphism. A total of 50 relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS] patients and 50 healthy control subjects were considered for this study. Genotyping was performed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism [PCRRFLP] method. PCR-RFLP results of twenty-five randomly selected samples were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Genotypic and allelic distributions were compared between the case and control groups. We observed no significant difference in the distribution of rs1061581 genotype and allele frequencies between RRMS patients and controls. In addition, there was no association between the HSP70 gene polymorphism and the clinical variables in the case group. Our data indicate that HSP70, in particular rs1061581, is unlikely to be involved in the susceptibility to or the severity of RRMS in Iranian patients. Further large prospective studies are required to confirm these findings
RESUMEN
Background: Multiple pregnancies occur more frequently in assisted reproductive technology [ART] compared to normal conception [NC]. It is known that the risk of congenital malformations in a multiple pregnancy are higher than single pregnancy. The aim of this study is to compare congenital malformations in singleton infants conceived by ART to singleton infants conceived naturally
Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort study, we performed a historical cohort study of major congenital malformations [MCM] in 820 singleton births from January 2012 to December 2014. The data for this analysis were derived from Tehran's ART linked data file. The risk of congenital malformations was compared in 164 ART infants and 656 NC infants. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses for the independent association of ART on each outcome
Results: We found 40 infants with MCM 29 [4.4%] NC infants and 14 [8.3%] ART infants. In comparison with NC infants, ART infants had a significant 2-fold increased risk of MCM [P=0.046]. After adjusting individually for maternal age, infant gender, prior stillbirth, mother's history of spontaneous abortion, and type of delivery, we did not find any difference in risk. In this study the majority [95.1%] of all infants were normal but 4.9% of infants had at least one MCM. We found a difference in risk of MCMs between in vitro fertilization [IVF] and intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI]. We excluded the possible role of genotype and other unknown factors in causing more malformations in ART infants
Conclusion: This study reported a higher risk of MCMs in ART singleton infants than in NC singleton infants. Congenital heart disease, developmental dysplasia of the hip [DDH], and urogenital malformations were the most reported major malformations in singleton ART infants according to organ and system classification